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Pierre Renouvin : ウィキペディア英語版
Pierre Renouvin
Pierre Renouvin (January 9, 1893 – December 7, 1974) was a French diplomatic historian. Renouvin was born in Paris and attended the Lycée-Louis-le-Grand, where he was rewarded his aggrégation in 1912.〔Watson, David Robin "Renovuin, Pierre" pages 993-995 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' page 995.〕 Renouvin spent the years 1912-1914 traveling in Germany and Russia.〔 Renouvin served as an infantryman in World War I, where he was badly wounded in action in April 1917, losing his left arm and the use of his right hand.〔 Renouvin married Marie-Therese Gabalda (1894-1982) and worked as teacher between 1918-20 at the Lycée d’Orleans.〔Watson, David "Renovuin, Pierre" pages 993-995 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' Robin page 995.〕 Renouvin served as the director of the War History Library at the Sorbonne between 1920–22, as lecturer at the Sorbonne between 1922–33 and as a professor at the Sorbonne between 1933-64.〔
==Researching the Origins of a Catastrophe==
Renouvin began his historical career specializing on the origins of the French Revolution, especially the Assembly of Notables of 1787 for which he was rewarded his PhD, but after World War I, he turned to the study of the origins of World War I.〔Watson, David Robin "Renovuin, Pierre" pages 993-995 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' page 994.〕 As a veteran whose body had been scarred by the war, Renouvin was very interested in knowing why the war had began. In the interwar period, the question of responsibility of the war had immense political implications because the German government kept on insisting that because of the Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles was the "war guilt clause", that the entire treaty rested upon Article 231, and if could be proven that Germany was not responsible for the war, then the moral basis of Versailles would be undermined. As such, the ''Auswärtiges Amt'' had a War Guilt Section devoted solely to proving that the ''Reich'' was not responsible for the war of 1914, and funded the work of Americans like Harry Elmer Barnes who likewise was determined that it was the allies who were the aggressors of 1914.
In 1925, Renouvin published two books described as “definitive” by the historian David Robin Watson in ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' about World War I.〔Watson, David "Renovuin, Pierre" pages 993-995 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' Robin page 994.〕 In the first book, ''Les Origines immédiates de la guerre (28 juin-4 août 1914)'' Renouvin demolished German claims of non-responsibility for the First World War, and that it France that had supposedly started the war.〔 In ''Les Origines immédiates de la guerre'', Renouvin wrote about the origins of the war:
"Germany and Austria did not agree to accept any other solution other than the resort to force; they decided on their plan deliberately and after coolly considering all the possible consequences. With regard to the ''immediate'' origins of the conflict, this is the fact that dominates all the others".〔Renouvin, Pierre ''Les Origines immédiates de la guerre (28 juin-4 août 1914)'', Paris: A. Costes, 1925 page 268.〕
The American historian Jay Winter and the French historian Antoine Prost wrote in 2005 about Renouvin that: "We have come back full circle to his position, published only seven years after the end of the conflict. One can only admire how scholarly and cautious he was, and how well his conclusions have stood the test of time".〔Winter, Jay and Proust, Antoine ''The Great War In History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 40.〕 In the second, book ''Les Formes du gouverment de guerre'', Renouvin offered a comparative political history of Germany and France in the First World War, describing how France was able under the strain of war to preserve her democracy whereas in Germany what small elements of democracy that had existed in 1914 had been swept away by military dictatorship by 1916 headed by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff.〔 Both books involved Renouvin in a polemical debate with the French Left, German historians and German apologists like Harry Elmer Barnes who claimed that it was France together with Russia that were the aggressors in the July Crisis of 1914.〔 During the 1920s, it was often claimed that in the years 1912-14, there had been a strategy of ''Poincaré-la-guerre'' (Poincaré's War), whereas the French President Raymond Poincaré had supposedly in conjunction with the Emperor Nicholas II of Russia planned an aggressive war to dismember Germany.〔 Through a close study of the documents then available in the 1920s, Renouvin was able to rebut the charges of ''Poincaré-la-guerre'' and of Germany as a victim of Franco-Russian aggression, and subsequent research since then has confirmed Renouvin’s initial conclusions.〔 Through Renouvin's work was funded by the French government to rebut the claims of the War Guilt Section of the ''Auswärtiges Amt'', and the French leftists attacked Renouvin for being an "official" historian, Renouvin was critical of aspects of French pre-war policy, and he was the first historian to expose the French Yellow Book of 1914 (a collection of diplomatic documents relating to the July Crisis) for containing forgeries.〔Mombauer, Annika ''The Origins of the First World War'', London: Pearson, 2002 page 104.〕 Renouvin described his work in 1929 as:
"Tens of thousands of diplomatic documents to read, the testimony of hundreds of thousands of witnesses to be sought out and criticized, a maze of controversy and debate to be traversed in quest of some occasional revelation of importance-this is the task of the historian who undertakes to attack as a whole the great problem of the origins of the World War".〔
During the 1920s, one of the most popular historians on the subject of the July Crisis was the American Harry Elmer Barnes-who was closely associated with and funded by the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War in Berlin headed by the prominent ''völkisch'' activist Major Alfred von Wegerer, a pseudo-historical research institute in its turn secretly funded by the German government-who had emerged as the world's leading advocate of the thesis that First World War was indeed ''Poincaré-la-guerre''. After publishing his book ''The Genesis of the World War'' in 1926, Barnes was invited by the former German Emperor Wilhelm II to visit him in his Dutch exile to thank him personally. An awestruck Barnes wrote back to describe his meeting with the former Kaiser that: "His Imperial Majesty was happy to know that I did not blame him for starting the war in 1914...He disagreed with my view that Russia and France were chiefly responsible. He held that the villains of 1914 were the International Jews and Free Masons, who, he alleged, desired to destroy national states and the Christian religion".〔Lipstadt, Deborah ''Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory'', Free Press: New York, 1993 page 68〕 Wilhelm's anti-Semitic remarks about the war being the work of the Jews set Barnes off in an increasing bizarre anti-Semitic search to blame all of the world's problems on the Jews, a process that culminated after 1945 when Barnes become one of the world's first Holocaust Deniers.〔Lipstadt, Deborah ''Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory'', Free Press: New York, 1993 pages 68-70〕 Given that Renouvin and Barnes had markedly different views on who was responsible for the war, and in light of Barnes's tendency to personally attack anyone whose views differed from him in the vituperative language possible (often accompanied by claims that Barnes's targets were just puppets of the Jews), Renouvin and Barnes became involved in a rancorous debate about just who was responsible for the war.〔
Because the German government had published a selective and misleading collection of documents relating to the July Crisis, whereas the French government had not published any documents from the Quai d'Orsay, Renouvin’s work was not widely accepted in the 1920s, but a fuller opening of the German archives after World War II has validated Renouvin's scholarship.〔 Renouvin himself often complained in the 1920s-1930s that the Quai d'Orsay's policy of keeping its archives closed while the ''Auswärtiges Amt'' was publishing its archives made it seem like the French had something to hide, and thus made ordinary people all round the world more open to the German case than otherwise would have been the case. Renouvin himself took the lead in having the French archives opened, becoming the president of the French historical commission in charge of publishing the French documents relating to the July Crisis.〔 Renouvin himself created a magazine relating to the subject ''Revue d”histoire de la Guerre Mondiale'' (''Review of the History of the World War''), and published another book on the subject, ''La Crise européenne et la grande gueree'' (''The European Crisis and the Great War'') in 1934.〔

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